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What is Debian - history, repositories, versions and development branches

Whether you are just starting to get familiar with Linux or you have been working with it for a long time, you have probably already heard of Debian. The system was created on the basis of the Linux kernel and is recognized for its stability, security and a wide community of developers. Interestingly, it is the basis for one of the most popular distributions - Ubuntu, which is actively used both on servers and on PCs.

History of Debian

The story begins in 1993, when Ian Murdock, a young programmer, created a distribution that was different from others. The name “Debian” came about as a result of combining his name with that of his wife, Debra Lynn: Deb + Ian. Thus, the project carried the personal character of the creator, which gave it an additional uniqueness.
Any part of the free system could be modified freely, in keeping with the Open Source philosophy.

The first version of Debian Linux was released in September 1993 under the number 0.01. It immediately attracted the attention of developers and users all over the world. In 1994, the first official version, Debian 1.1, was released and the project started its active development.

Debian repositories

The system is based on the concept of repositories - special repositories from which users can install and update programs. Debian repositories contain a huge number of packages ranging from basic utilities to complex software packages, making the system flexible and customizable for any task.

Stable

The most reliable and tested Debian branch. It contains tested packages that are ready to be used on servers and workstations. If you install Debian Stable, you get a stable and secure system that will run smoothly for a long time. This is why the Stable branch is recommended for those who want a predictable and bug-free system. Updates are released infrequently, but you can be sure that they go through rigorous testing phases.

Testing

It receives packages that are not recognized as stable but have passed initial testing. It is intended for those who want to work with more recent versions of software than Stable. Testing is often used by enthusiasts and developers who want to test new features and functions, but still maintain system stability. Updates are more frequent in this branch, and new versions of packages get here before they become part of Stable.

Unstable

Also known as Sid, is constantly under active development. This includes the newest versions of software that have just been added by developers. Packages may contain bugs and may not always work stably. Unstable is mainly used by developers and testers who want to work with the latest versions of software, despite possible performance and stability issues.

Experimental

The experimental branch includes packages that are being tested for new or experimental features, but are not ready to be placed in the Unstable category. Using packages from this branch is recommended only for experienced users, as it is characterized by maximum instability and contains more bugs than the Unstable branch.

Oldstable

A repository where outdated versions of software are stored. When an upgrade occurs, previous versions of software are stored in this section.

Backports

Contains updated versions of packages intended for earlier Debian releases. New versions of programs that were released after the current Debian release can be found here.

How to choose the right distribution

If you need a predictable and stable system to run or maintain your server, Stable is a better choice. If you are a developer or a new technology enthusiast who is willing to take risks to get the latest versions of software, Testing or Unstable are more suitable.

The best known versions of Debian

Fresh versions of Debian are released about once a year or less. Each update contains new code, bug fixes, security improvements, and new applications. Updates also include new features that were not available in previous versions. The choice of available repositories and software versions depends on the version of Debian installed on your device.

  • Debian 0.x: the first version, released in 1993.
  • Debian 1.0 (Buzz): the first official version, introduced in 1996.
  • Debian 2.0 (Hamm): released in 1998 and introduced support for PowerPC.
  • Debian 2.2 (Potato): released in 2000, the first version to support 64-bit processors.
  • Debian 3.0 (Woody): released in 2002, with many updates and improvements.
  • Debian 3.1 (Sarge): released in 2005, added support for architectures such as IA-64 and AMD64.
  • Debian 4.0 (Etch): introduced in 2007, with many new features and library updates.
  • Debian 5.0 (Lenny): introduced in 2009, with improved Wi-Fi and Bluetooth support.
  • Debian 6.0 (Squeeze): released in 2011, includes an updated version of the Linux kernel and modern package versions.
  • Debian 7.0 (Wheezy): released in 2013, includes many new packages and updates.
  • Debian 8.0 (Jessie): released in 2015, with new versions of the Linux kernel and updated APT features.
  • Debian 9.0 (Stretch): in 2017, with new updates and security improvements.
  • Debian 10 (Buster): introduced in 2019, with a focus on security improvements and new packages.
  • Debian 11 (Bullseye): released in 2021, with many updates and a larger set of packages.

Debian and Ubuntu - what is the difference

Debian and Ubuntu are two large and popular Linux distributions that are often compared because of their common roots. But despite their similarities, they differ greatly in some aspects, which can influence users' choice to favor one of them.

  • Time of emergence. Ubuntu appeared later, in 2004, as a distribution focused on convenience for the mass user. Its development was led by Mark Shuttleworth, who decided to simplify the use of Linux and make it accessible to people who have no experience with similar systems.
  • Target audience. Debian is mainly used by power users, developers and server administrators. Ubuntu is aimed at a wider range of users, including those who are new to Linux. It is a distribution for those who want access to new features while maintaining ease of installation and use.
  • Version release frequency. Debian releases stable versions less frequently than Ubuntu. This happens once every few years. A new version is thoroughly tested for compatibility and stability. Ubuntu releases a new version every six months and LTS every two years, giving users a choice between stability and access to new features.
  • Hardware support. Ubuntu does a better job of supporting proprietary drivers for hardware, making it more convenient for users who need to quickly configure the system to work with modern devices. Debian also supports hardware, but requires a bit more effort to customize components.
  • PPAs and repositories. Ubuntu has a handy PPA (Personal Package Archive) system that makes it easy to install new versions of programs. Debian can also use PPAs, but the process is not as convenient and sometimes causes package compatibility issues.
  • Graphical shells. Debian and Ubuntu support several graphical shells. Debian defaults to GNOME, but users can install other environments such as KDE, Xfce, or MATE. Ubuntu uses its own modification of GNOME by default.
  • Debian can be installed on almost any device, from old computers to servers to embedded systems. Ubuntu is somewhat more limited in this regard. It supports 64-bit x86 and ARM architectures, but has stopped releasing 32-bit images.
  • Ubuntu has better support for proprietary video card drivers, which makes it easier to customize games. Debian is also playable, but it will take more effort to customize the system.
  • Debian runs with fewer system requirements. This makes it a good choice for old and low-powered computers, as well as servers where it is important to optimize resources.

What are the advantages of Debian

  • Any architectures. While most Linux distributions focus only on x86 and ARM, Debian offers support for architectures such as MIPS, PowerPC, RISC-V, and others. This makes Debian a versatile choice for everything from legacy servers to modern embedded systems. 
  • Free Software. The project has a social contract that states that the system will consist exclusively of free software. This means that all packages in the repository can be freely used, copied, modified and distributed. Users can also add closed drivers and software to the system via third-party repositories if needed for specific devices or programs.
  • Community and support. Debian gathers under its umbrella a global community of enthusiasts, developers and users who are actively involved in developing new versions of the system, maintaining repositories and creating documentation. Debian is not run by any one company - it is a truly democratic community where every opinion counts.
  • Large number of packages. More than 59,000 packages are available in Debian's repositories, making it one of the most software-rich distributions.
  • Stability. Debian Stable undergoes extensive testing before new versions are released, ensuring minimal bugs and high reliability.
  • Security. Security updates are released promptly, which protects your system from threats.

Another advantage of Debian is that once a new version is released, the system receives LTS (Long-Term Support) for several years. LTS includes security updates and important bug fixes, but without adding new features. This gives you the option of taking your time to upgrade to a new version, which is especially useful for servers and mission-critical applications.
Debian also provides extended support even after the main support cycle has ended. For example, Debian 9 (Stretch) has been granted LTS through 2022, even though its main support cycle ended in 2020. Thus, users can stay on the tested version while continuing to receive necessary security updates.

What about the user interface?

A graphical shell is a user interface consisting of icons, folders, menus, system windows, and other elements. Debian has a wide variety of graphical shells that can be installed and customized according to individual preferences.

  • GNOME - integrated into the system by default. It features a modern interface, intuitive design, and a wide range of applications. 
  • KDE - Windows-like interface. Provides the ability to customize the user interface. 
  • Xfce - focused on speed and stability. It is lightweight and is considered an excellent choice for older machines.
  • MATE - A graphical shell based on an earlier version of GNOME.
  • Fluxbox - lightweight and fast, suitable for advanced users.

Debian is a great choice for those looking for a stable and reliable operating system. Gives users full control over the system and access to a huge amount of software. Everyone's favorite Debian is a story of security, democracy and freedom of use!
11 Oct 2024, 17:34:59

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